# KLOW Peptide References — Full Citation List | KLOW Order

> Complete reference list for KLOW peptide research: BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu, and KPV studies from PubMed, PMC, and peer-reviewed journals. DOIs and PubMed links included.

## KLOW Peptide References: Complete Citation Record

All citations used across this KLOW peptide research digest, organized by component. Each citation includes a DOI or PubMed URL.

Key: BPC-157 (INK 01 / MAGENTA) — TB-500 (INK 02 / CYAN) — GHK-Cu (INK 03 / YELLOW) — KPV (INK 04 / GREEN) — COMBINATION (OVERPRINT).

## BPC-157 Citations

[1] Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95(3):323-333. DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27847966/

[2] Brcic L, Brcic I, Staresinic M, et al. Modulatory effect of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on angiogenesis in muscle and tendon healing. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;60 Suppl 7:191-196. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20388964/

[3] Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JH. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. DOI: 10.3390/molecules191119066 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25415472/

[4] Krivic A, Anic T, Seiwerth S, Huljev D, Sikiric P. Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Promoted tendon-to-bone healing and opposed corticosteroid aggravation. J Orthop Res. 2006;24(5):982-989. DOI: 10.1002/jor.20096 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16583442/

[5] Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(16):1612-1632. DOI: 10.2174/138161211796196954 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21548867/

[6] He L, Feng D, Guo H, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157 in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026182 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9794587/

[19] McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025;18(12):611-619. DOI: 10.1007/s12178-025-09990-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789979/

[20] Sikiric P, Blagaic AB, Strbe S, et al. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(4):461. DOI: 10.3390/ph17040461 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38675421/

[23] Cerovecki T, Bojanic I, Brcic L, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat. J Orthop Res. 2010;28(9):1155-1161. DOI: 10.1002/jor.21107 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20225319/

[29] Yuan C, Demers A, Silva-Ortiz V, et al. From Regeneration to Analgesia: The Role of BPC-157 in Tissue Repair and Pain Management. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27(6):2876. DOI: 10.3390/ijms27062876 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41898733/

## TB-500 Citations

[7] Philp D, Kleinman HK. Animal studies with thymosin beta, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:81-86. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05479.x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536453/

[8] Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/

[9] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.634793 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/

[28] Nguyen J, Verma S, Vuong VT, et al. Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2025;66(14):31. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.66.14.31 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41235866/

## GHK-Cu Citations

[10] Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, Gillery P, Monboisse JC, Borel JP. Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+. FEBS Lett. 1988;238(2):343-346. DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3169264/

[11] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108. DOI: 10.1155/2015/648108 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4508379/

[12] Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):1987. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071987 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/

[13] Wang X, Liu B, Xu Q, et al. GHK-Cu-liposomes accelerate scald wound healing in mice. Wound Repair Regen. 2017;25(2):270-278. DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12520 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28370978/

[21] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. The Effect of the Human Peptide GHK on Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function and Cognitive Decline. Brain Sci. 2017;7(2):20. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7020020 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28212278/

[22] Mortazavi SM, Mohammadi Vadoud SA, Moghimi HR. Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide. Bioimpacts. 2024;15:30071. DOI: 10.34172/bi.30071 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39963574/

[24] Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide. [copper chelation color reference] Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):1987. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/

[26] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:324832. DOI: 10.1155/2012/324832 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22666519/

[27] Mao S, Huang J, Li J, et al. Exploring the beneficial effects of GHK-Cu on an experimental model of colitis and the underlying mechanisms. Front Pharmacol. 2025;[volume]:1551843. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1551843 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40672369/

## KPV Citations

[14] Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):324-331. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20334 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18092346/

[15] Land SC. Inhibition of cellular and systemic inflammation cues in human bronchial epithelial cells by melanocortin-related peptides: mechanism of KPV action and a role for MC3R agonists. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2012;4(2):59-73. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3403564/

[16] Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.026 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061177/

[17] Viennois E, Ingersoll SA, Ayyadurai S, et al. Critical role of PepT1 in promoting colitis-associated cancer and therapeutic benefits of the anti-inflammatory PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV in a murine model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;2(3):340-357. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.01.006 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27458604/

[18] Bohm M, Luger T. Are melanocortin peptides future therapeutics for cutaneous wound healing? Exp Dermatol. 2019;28(3):219-224. DOI: 10.1111/exd.13887 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30661264/

## Combination Citation

[25] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108. [KLOW compositional reference and comparison to Wolverine/GLOW blends] DOI: 10.1155/2015/648108 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4508379/

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Four spot-ink literatures, one dark-stock page — editorial summaries of what the peer-reviewed studies actually printed, held by no clinic and sold by no one.